The days of the french revolution by christopher hibbert

#The days of the french revolution by christopher hibbert series#

Under LouisРІР‚вЂ¦XIV, the Court at Versailles was the centre of culture, fashion and political power. Transnational elites who shared ideas and styles were not new what changed was their extent and the numbers involved. Contacts between diverse groups in Edinburgh, Geneva, Boston, Amsterdam, Paris, London or Vienna were much greater than often appreciated. This took different forms, such as the English ' coffeehouseРІР‚вЂ¦culture', and extended to areas colonised by Europeans, particularly BritishРІР‚вЂ¦NorthРІР‚вЂ¦America. LouisРІР‚вЂ¦XVI, who came to the throne in 1774Р”Р„t the same time, discussion of these issues and political dissent had become part of wider European society, rather than confined to a small elite.

8.2.3 Cockade, tricolore and liberty cap.

4.2 PoliticalРІР‚вЂ¦crisisРІР‚вЂ¦andРІР‚вЂ¦fallРІР‚вЂ¦ofРІР‚вЂ¦theРІР‚вЂ¦Girondins.

#The days of the french revolution by christopher hibbert series#

Despite a series of military victories, the war caused economicРІР‚вЂ¦stagnation and political divisions in November 1799, the Directory was replaced by the consulate, which is generally seen as the end of the Revolutionary period.

As well as external enemies, the Republic faced a series of internal Royalist and Jacobin revolts in order to deal with these, the FrenchРІР‚вЂ¦Directory took power in November 1795. This sparked the ReignРІР‚вЂ¦ofРІР‚вЂ¦Terror, an attempt to eradicate alleged ' counter-revolutionaries' by the time it endedРІР‚вЂ¦inРІР‚вЂ¦JulyРІР‚вЂ¦1794, over 16,600 had been executed in Paris and the provinces. In June, anРІР‚вЂ¦uprisingРІР‚вЂ¦inРІР‚вЂ¦Paris replaced the Girondins who dominated the NationalРІР‚вЂ¦Assembly with the CommitteeРІР‚вЂ¦ofРІР‚вЂ¦PublicРІР‚вЂ¦Safety, headed by MaximilienРІР‚вЂ¦Robespierre. Disillusionment with LouisРІР‚вЂ¦XVI led to the establishment of the FirstРІР‚вЂ¦FrenchРІР‚вЂ¦Republic on 22 September 1792, followed by his execution in January 1793. External powers like Austria, Britain and Prussia viewed the Revolution as a threat, leading to the outbreak of the FrenchРІР‚вЂ¦RevolutionaryРІР‚вЂ¦Wars in April 1792. The next three years were dominated by the struggle for political control, exacerbated by economicРІР‚вЂ¦depression and socialРІР‚вЂ¦unrest. The Assembly passed a series of radical measures, including the abolitionРІР‚вЂ¦ofРІР‚вЂ¦feudalism, state control of the CatholicРІР‚вЂ¦Church and extending the right to vote. In May 1789, widespread social distress led to the convocation of the Estates-General, which was converted into a NationalРІР‚вЂ¦Assembly in June. The causes are generally agreed to be a combination of social, political and economic factors, which the existingРІР‚вЂ¦regime proved unable to manage. The values and institutions it created dominate French politics to this day. Many of its ideas are considered fundamental principles of liberalРІР‚вЂ¦democracy, while phrases like LibertР“В©,РІР‚вЂ¦Р“В©galitР“В©,РІР‚вЂ¦fraternitР“В© reappeared in other revolts, such as the 1917 RussianРІР‚вЂ¦Revolution, and inspired campaigns for theРІР‚вЂ¦abolitionРІР‚вЂ¦ofРІР‚вЂ¦slavery and universalРІР‚вЂ¦suffrage. The French Revolution ( French: RР“В©volution franР“В§aise ) was a period of radical political and societal change in France that began with the EstatesРІР‚вЂ¦GeneralРІР‚вЂ¦ofРІР‚вЂ¦1789 and ended with the formation of the FrenchРІР‚вЂ¦Consulate in NovemberРІР‚вЂ¦1799.